1. Gabatarwa & Rikicin Tsakiya
Babban tashin hankali a yawancin tsarin Tabbatar da Aiki (PoW) ya ta'allaka ne a cikin neman haɗa kowa (ba da izinin shiga ba tare da izini ba) da tsaro (kula da ingancin yarjejeniya) a lokaci guda. Wannan rikice-rikice, kamar yadda aka gano a cikin takardar HotPoW, yana hana amintaccen da saurin kammala ma'amalai kai tsaye, yana tilasta ka'idojin aiki su daidaita da daidaiton ƙarshe maimakon kammalawa. Rashin ƙayyadaddun ƙarshe babban iyaka ne ga aikace-aikacen ma'amalai masu daraja, wani batu da aka jaddada a tattaunawar masana'antar kuɗi.
HotPoW ta magance wannan kai tsaye ta hanyar gabatar da ka'idar Kworum na Tabbatar da Aiki, ta ƙirƙiri sabuwar hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin tsarin jure wa kuskuren Byzantine (BFT) da tsarin yarjejeniyar Nakamoto. Ba kamar mafita da suka dogara da hadaddun tsarin gefen sarkar (misali, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin taswirar hanyar Ethereum ko Cosmos' IBC) ba, HotPoW tana nufin cimma ƙarshe a cikin takamaiman mataki ɗaya mai sauƙi.
2. Ka'idar Kworum na Tabbatar da Aiki
Babban ƙirƙira shine kula da PoW ba kawai a matsayin tsarin jure wa Sybil ko caca ba, amma a matsayin tsarin bazuwa don samar da kworum. Ana samar da kuri'un yarjejeniya ta hanyar PoW, kuma ka'idar tana nazarin yuwuwar samar da kworum na musamman, wanda ya isa girma.
Mahimmin Fahimta:
Ta hanyar ƙirƙira zuwan mafita na PoW a matsayin tsarin bazuwa (misali, rarrabawa mai nisa ko gamma), ka'idar za ta iya ba da garantin cewa tare da babban yuwuwar, kworum ɗaya mai inganci kawai zai fito a cikin takamaiman taga lokaci, muddin sigar tsaro (girman kworum) an saita shi da kyau.
2.1. Bambance-bambancen Bazuwa
Yuwuwar samuwar kworum biyu daban-daban, masu inganci a lokaci guda an mai da shi maras muhimmanci. Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin yarjejeniyar Nakamoto na gargajiya, inda ake iya samun cokali mai yatsu kuma ana warware su bisa yuwuwar bayan lokaci.
2.2. Nazarin Sigogin Tsaro
Tsaron kworum aikin kai tsaye ne na sigar $k$, wanda ke ayyana adadin kuri'un da ake buƙata na tushen PoW. Yuwuwar maƙiyi ya sarrafa kworum yana raguwa sosai tare da $k$, wanda aka tsara shi azaman $P_{attack} \propto e^{-\lambda k}$ don wasu sigogin ƙimar $\lambda$ da aka samo daga ƙarfin hash na gaskiya na cibiyar sadarwa.
3. Ƙirar Ka'idar HotPoW
HotPoW tana aiwatar da ka'idar kworum ta hanyar daidaita dabaru na kammalawa ta hanyoyi uku na ginin bututu daga HotStuff BFT zuwa muhalli mara izini, na tushen PoW. Tana maye gurbin saitin mai tantancewa na HotStuff da kworum na PoW da aka kafa a hankali don kowane zagaye na yarjejeniya.
3.1. Dabaru na Kammalawa ta Hanyoyi Uku
Ka'idar tana ci gaba ta hanyoyin Shirya, Kafin Kammalawa, da Kammalawa. Ana kammala toshe kawai bayan karɓar takardar shaidar kworum na Kammalawa (QC), wanda ke goyon bayan kuri'un PoW. Wannan yana ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙarshe bayan zagaye biyu na sadarwa bayan gabatarwar toshe.
3.2. Tsarin Ginin Bututu
An yi wahayi daga HotStuff, ana gudanar da matakai ta hanyar bututu a kan toshe masu biyo baya (misali, matakin Shirya na toshe $n+1$ zai iya gudana tare da matakin Kammalawa na toshe $n$). Wannan ingantaccen ingantaccen yana inganta kayan aiki sosai idan aka kwatanta da ka'idojin BFT marasa bututu.
4. Kwaikwayo & Sakamakon Gwaji
Takardar tana kimanta HotPoW ta hanyar kwaikwayo, tana gwada juriya akan:
- Jinkirin Cibiyar Sadarwa: Ka'idar tana kiyaye daidaito a ƙarƙashin yanayin cibiyar sadarwa na gaske mara aiki tare.
- Canji: Shiga mai ƙarfi na nodes baya karya rayuwa.
- Hare-haren Da aka Yi niyya: Kwaikwayon yana ƙirƙira maƙiyan da ke ƙoƙarin karya daidaito (aminci) ko rayuwa.
Fassarar Chati (Ana nuni zuwa Hoto na 1 a cikin PDF):
Hotunan sun bambanta yuwuwar yawa akan lokaci. Hoto 1(a) yana nuna rarrabawa mai nisa, yana fifita zuwan farko don haka "haɗa gaskiya" ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin da suka warware PoW da sauri. Hoto 1(b) yana nuna rarrabawar gamma (tare da sigar siffa >1), yana haifar da gefen tsaro. Yana rage fa'idar mafita masu sauri sosai, yana sa ya yi wahala ga ƙananan ƙungiyar da aka mai da hankali (mai kai hari) su ci gaba da samar da kworum kafin mafi yawan mutane masu gaskiya. Yankin da ke ƙarƙashin lanƙwasa yana wakiltar yuwuwar cin "tsere" don samar da kworum.
Sakamakon da aka Ruwaito: HotPoW ta nuna juriya ga waɗannan yanayin adawa tare da ƙananan kayan ajiya fiye da tsarin yarjejeniyar Nakamoto kawai da ƙarancin rikitarwa fiye da mafita na ƙarshe na tushen gefen sarkar.
5. Nazarin Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi
Nazarin tsaro ya dogara ne akan lissafin yuwuwar cewa maƙiyin da ke sarrafa wani yanki $\beta$ na jimlar ƙarfin hash zai iya tattara kworum mai girman $k$ kafin cibiyar sadarwa ta gaskiya (tare da ƙarfin hash $1-\beta$).
Tsarin Lissafi na Tsakiya: Lokacin da kumburin $i$th zai sami mafita na PoW ana ƙirƙira shi azaman mai canzawa $X_i \sim \text{Exp}(\lambda_i)$, inda $\lambda_i$ ya yi daidai da ƙimar hash na kumburin. Lokacin mafita mafi sauri na $k$th (ƙididdigar oda) yana ayyana lokacin samuwar kworum. Ka'idar ta tabbatar da cewa don zaɓin $k$ da aka zaɓa da kyau, rarraba wannan ƙididdigar oda na $k$th yana tabbatar da keɓancewa tare da babban yuwuwar. Yuwuwar nasarar kai hari za a iya iyakance ta amfani da rashin daidaiton wutsiya don waɗannan ƙididdigar oda.
6. Nazarin Kwatance & Matsayin Masana'antu
Idan aka Kwatanta da Yarjejeniyar Nakamoto (Bitcoin): Yana ba da ƙarshe mai sauri, ƙayyadadde idan aka kwatanta da tabbatar da yuwuwar. Yana iya samun mafi girman kayan aiki saboda ginin bututu, amma a farashin ɗan ƙarin rikitarwar tsarin saƙo.
Idan aka Kwatanta da BFT na Gargajiya (PBFT, Tendermint): Yana cimma shiga ba tare da izini ba ba tare da saitin mai tantancewa na ƙayyadadden ba, babban ci gaba ne a cikin ƙaddamarwa. Duk da haka, lokacin ƙarshe yana canzawa (ya dogara da lokacin mafita na PoW) idan aka kwatanta da ƙayyadaddun lokacin zagaye na yawancin ka'idojin BFT.
Idan aka Kwatanta da Samfuran Haɗin gwiwa/Gefen Sarkar (Polygon, Cosmos): Yana ba da mafi ingantaccen haɗin kai, mafita ta mataki ɗaya, yana iya rage rikitarwa da haɗarin haɗin kai. Yana fafatawa kai tsaye da wasu mafita na ƙarshe na sarkar ɗaya kamar motsi na Ethereum zuwa PoS + CBC Casper.
7. Ayyukan Gaba & Taswirar Ci Gaba
Gajeren lokaci (shekaru 1-2): Aiwatarwa da gwaji a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na blockchain marasa izini. Bincike a matsayin kayan aiki na ƙarshe don sarkokin PoW da suka wanzu (misali, a matsayin rufi akan Bitcoin ko Ethereum Classic) don ba da damar ƙarshe mai sauri don gefen sarkar ko tashoshi na jiha.
Matsakaicin lokaci (shekaru 3-5): Daidaitawa zuwa Tabbatar da Hannun jari da sauran tushen bazuwa na Aikin Jinkiri Mai Tabbatarwa (VDF), ƙirƙirar bambance-bambancen ingantaccen makamashi. Yuwuwar amfani a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na duba na ƙaddamarwa ko gadoji masu ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin kai inda ƙarshe ke da mahimmanci.
Dogon lokaci (shekaru 5+): Idan an tabbatar da ƙarfi, zai iya zama daidaitaccen ɗakin aiki a cikin kayan aikin "matakin yarjejeniya" don kayan aikin Web3. Ƙa'idodinsa na iya yin tasiri ga ƙirar yarjejeniya don hanyoyin sadarwar kayan aiki na zahiri na ƙaddamarwa (DePIN) da sauran tsarin haɗin kai na ainihi, masu daraja.
Misalin Tsarin Nazari (Ba Code ba):
Yanayi: Kimanta zaɓin yarjejeniyar sabuwar sarkar L1.
Mataki na 1 (Samuwar Kworum): Shin yana amfani da saiti na ƙayyadadde, caca, ko tsarin lokaci na bazuwa kamar HotPoW? Taswira zuwa cinikin haɗa kowa/tsaro.
Mataki na 2 (Tsarin Ƙarshe): Shin ƙarshe yana da yuwuwar (Nakamoto) ko ƙayyadadde (salo na BFT)? Idan ƙayyadadde, zagaye nawa na sadarwa?
Mataki na 3 (Samfurin Maƙiyi): Wane yanki na albarkatu ($\beta$) ka'idar ta ɗauka don aminci/rayuwa? HotPoW ta bayyana wannan ta hanyar sigar $k$.
Mataki na 4 (Farashin Rikitarwa): Kimanta rikitarwar saƙo, kayan ajiya, da kayan aikin lissafi fiye da yarjejeniyar tsakiya (misali, farashin PoW).
Yin amfani da wannan tsarin yana sanya HotPoW a matsayin babba akan ƙayyadaddun ƙarshe da haɗa kowa mara izini, tare da matsakaicin rikitarwa da farashin lokaci mai canzawa.
8. Nassoshi
- Keller, P., & Böhme, R. (2020). HotPoW: Finality from Proof-of-Work Quorums. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.13531v3.
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.
- Yin, M., Malkhi, D., Reiter, M. K., Gueta, G. G., & Abraham, I. (2019). HotStuff: BFT Consensus with Linearity and Responsiveness. Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC '19).
- Buterin, V., & Griffith, V. (2017). Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.09437.
- Buchman, E. (2016). Tendermint: Byzantine Fault Tolerance in the Age of Blockchains. PhD Thesis.
- Pass, R., & Shi, E. (2017). The Sleepy Model of Consensus. ASIACRYPT 2017.
- Lewis, A. (2019). The Basics of Bitcoins and Blockchains. Mango Publishing.
- Zhu, J., et al. (2022). A Survey on Blockchain Consensus Protocols. ACM Computing Surveys.
Sharhin Manazarcin: Fahimtar Tsakiya, Kwararar Ma'ana, Ƙarfi & Kurakurai, Fahimta Mai Aiki
Fahimtar Tsakiya: Hazakar HotPoW ba ta cikin ƙirƙirar sabon sirri ba, amma a cikin sake tsarawa. Ta daina ganin PoW a matsayin tikitin caca kawai kuma ta fara ɗaukarsa a matsayin sigina na watsa shirye-shirye mai ƙayyadaddun lokaci, mai iya tantancewa. Wannan canjin samfurin tunani—daga "cin tsere" zuwa "tattara sa hannu na lokaci"—shine abin da ke buɗe hanyar haɗin kai zuwa ƙarshen salon BFT. Darasi ne kan yadda sake duba ƙa'idodin farko zai iya karya ciniki na bayyane.
Kwararar Ma'ana: Hujja tana da ban sha'awa: 1) Gano rikicin haɗa kowa/tsaro a matsayin tushen rashin ƙarshe. 2) Ba da shawarar kworum na PoW a matsayin tushen tushe na bazuwa. 3) Sanya ingantaccen injin jihar BFT mai bututu (HotStuff) a saman. 4) Tabbatar ta hanyar kwaikwayo cewa haɗin gwiwar yana aiki. Ma'ana tana da tsabta, amma shaidan yana cikin zato na bazuwa—rarrabawar ƙarfin hash na duniyar gaske ya yi nisa da daidaito, wata yuwuwar fashewa a cikin tushe.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfi: Ingantaccen tushe na ka'idar; yana amfani da dabaru na HotStuff da aka gwada; yana guje wa jahannama na sarrafa gwamnati na gefen sarkar/sarkoki masu tarawa. Yanayinsa mara izini fa'ida ce ta gaske akan tsarin BFT kawai.
Kurakurai: "Lokacin da ake iya hasashen ƙarshe" har yanzu yana da yuwuwar, ba ƙayyadadde ba—tallata shi a matsayin ƙarshe yana buƙatar ƙwarewa mai kyau. Ya gaji damuwar makamashi na PoW. Ƙarfin juriya na ka'idar ga rarrabuwar cibiyar sadarwa mai tsanani (kurakurai na "cosmological") ba a bayyana shi sosai ba fiye da a cikin ka'idojin sarkar mafi tsayi. Kimantawa, ko da yake yana da kyau, har yanzu yana dogara ne akan kwaikwayo; tattalin arzikin sirri na daidaita ƙarfafawa don shiga cikin kworum yana buƙatar zurfafa bincike.
Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu gini, wannan taswira ce don tsara tsarin yarjejeniya na "ɗakunan aiki" na gaba. Za a iya musanya matakin kworum na PoW da hasken bazuwa na Tabbatar da Hannun jari (PoS) (kamar RANDAO/VDF na Ethereum), ƙirƙirar "HotPoS". Ga masu saka hannun jari, bi ayyukan da suke aiwatar da wannan falsafar haɗin gwiwa—za su iya kama mafi kyawun wuri tsakanin ƙaddamarwa da aiki. Ga masu bincike, babbar tambayar da aka buɗe ita ce tabbatar da tsari a ƙarƙashin cikakken samfurin cibiyar sadarwa mara aiki tare tare da maƙiyan da suka dace. Wannan ba takarda ce ta ilimi kawai ba; tsari ne na ƙira mai ƙafafu.