Dijitalizazzwa, Fasahohin Zamani, da Kwanciyar Harkar Kudi: Binciken Masana'antar Banki

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan bincike yana nazarin sauyi mai girma na dijitalizazzwa, Fasahohin Sadarwa da Na'urori (ICT), da fasahohin zamani akan kwanciyar harkar kudi a cikin masana'antar banki. Binciken ya mayar da hankali kan muhimman fannoni uku na fasaha: FinTech da tsangwama na kamfanin sadarwa (TELCO), dandamali na buɗaɗɗen banki na Application Programming Interface (API), da aiwatar da Fasahar Blockchain (BCT).

Muhimman Ƙididdiga

Kasuwar FinTech ta duniya ana hasashen zai kai dala biliyan 324 nan shekara ta 2026 (McKinsey, 2023)

Yawan Karɓuwa

API na buɗaɗɗen banki yana girma da kashi 24.4% CAGR a duniya (Binciken Deloitte)

2. Tsarin Bincike na Asali

2.1 Hasashe na Asali

Masana'antar banki tana fuskantar mafi girman sauyi na tsari tun rikicin kudi na 2008, wanda aka haifar da ƙarfafan fasaha guda uku masu haɗuwa: shigar FinTech/TELCO cikin kasuwa, tsarin buɗaɗɗen banki na API, da kayan aikin blockchain. Abin da yawancin manazarta suka rasa shi ne cewa wannan ba kawai karɓar fasaha ba ne—yana da tushen sake tsara tsarin shiga tsakani na kuɗi wanda ke barazana ga tsarin samun kuɗin shiga na bankunan gargajiya yayin ƙirƙirar tarin haɗarin tsarin da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba.

2.2 Tsarin Ma'ana

Takardar ta gano jerin gwano daidai: FinTechs sun fara lalata ribar biyan kuɗi da ba da bashi na bankuna, sannan bankin API ya ƙara hana shiga tsakani, kuma yanzu blockchain yana alƙawarin wargaza ainihin tushen amincin kuɗi na tarayya. Duk da haka, binciken ya raina saurin wannan sauyi. Kamar yadda Clayton Christensen ya bayyana "Matsalar Mai Ƙirƙira", bankunan da ke kan mulki ba su da ikin amsa waɗannan tsangwamomi yadda ya kamata saboda tsarin gado, ƙuntatawa na ka'idoji, da rashin motsi na al'ada.

2.3 Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai

Ƙarfafawa: Binciken ya zana yanayin fasaha cikakke kuma ya gano yanayin wannan ƙirƙira guda biyu daidai—duka a matsayin damammaki don ingantaccen aiki da kuma barazana ga kwanciyar hankali. Mayar da hankali kan tsarin API musamman yana da hankali, domin waɗannan za su zama tsakiyar tsarin jijiya na ayyukan kuɗi na gaba.

Kurakurai Masu Muhimmanci: Binciken ya kasa ƙididdige ma'auni don haɗarin tsarin kuma ya yi watsi da yaudarar ka'idoji wanda ke baiwa FinTechs damar yin aiki tare da ƙarancin buƙatun jari fiye da bankunan gargajiya—wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa mai haɗari a cikin tsarin kuɗi.

2.4 Shawarwari masu Aiki

Dole ne bankunan nan da nan: (1) Haɓaka ƙwararrun rassa na dijital waɗanda ke aiki a waje da ƙuntatawa na gado, (2) Ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na blockchain don shirya don kadarorin da aka yi wa alama, da (3) Aiwatar da ingantaccen bincike don lura da tarin haɗari masu tasowa a ainihin lokaci. Masu tsara ka'idoji yakamata su kafa tsarin da bai fi son fasaha ba wanda ke magance haɗarin tsarin ba tare da hana ƙirƙira ba.

3. Wuraren Tasirin Fasaha

3.1 FinTech da Tsangwama na TELCO

Shigar da ƴan wasa waɗanda ba na al'ada ba sun canza yanayin gasa sosai. FinTechs suna amfani da tarin fasaha masu sauri da binciken bayanai don kaiwa ga ayyuka masu riba sosai, yayin da TELCOs ke amfani da faffadan hanyoyin sadarwa na abokan ciniki da kayan aiki. Wannan ya haifar da:

Rushewar hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga na bankunan gargajiya
Ingantaccen haɗa kuɗi ta hanyar fasahar wayar hannu
Rage farashi da ƙara nau'in samfur ga masu amfani
Rage ingancin hanyoyin watsa manufofin kuɗi

3.2 API Buɗaɗɗen Banki

Buɗaɗɗen banki na tushen API yana wakiltar sauyi daga rufaffiyar tsarin mallaka zuwa tsarin kuɗi masu haɗin kai. Muhimman fa'idodi sun haɗa da:

Hanyoyin samun abokin ciniki iri-iri
Ingantacciyar damar haɗin gwiwa a fannoni daban-daban
Ingantaccen ƙwarewar abokin ciniki ta hanyar keɓantattun ayyuka
Rage juyawar abokin ciniki ta hanyar kulle tsarin muhalli

3.3 Fasahar Blockchain

Fasahar Blockchain ta rajistar lada ta gabatar da canje-canje na asali ga kayan aikin kuɗi:

Ingantaccen tsaro na dijital ta hanyar tabbatar da sirri
Ƙaruwar ingancin aiki da rage lokutan daidaitawa
Sabbin nau'ikan kadaru ta hanyar yin alama
Bin diddigin ma'amaloli a ainihin lokaci da kuma hanyoyin bincike marasa canzawa

4. Kimanta Hatsari

4.1 Hatsarori na Kwanciyar Harkar Kudi

Yaduwar ayyukan kuɗi na dijital yana gabatar da raunin tsarin:

Hatsarin taro a cikin muhimman dandamali na fasaha
Rage tasirin kayan aikin manufofin kuɗi na gargajiya
Barazana na tsaro na dijital da damuwa game da juriya na aiki
Rarrabuwar ka'idoji da damammaki na yaudara

4.2 Hatsarori na Aiki da Fasaha

Ƙalubalen aiwatarwa suna gabatar da manyan cikas:

Rikitarwar haɗin fasaha tare da tsarin gado
Damuwa game da sirrin bayanai da tsaro a cikin buɗaɗɗen tsarin muhalli
Hatsarin abokin tarayya da abokin tarayya a cikin tsarin da aka ƙera API
Rashin tabbas na ribar tsarin kasuwanci na tushen dandamali

5. Tsarin Fasaha

5.1 Tsarin Lissafi

Za a iya ƙirƙira tasirin kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi ta amfani da ingantaccen sigar Tsarin Farashin Jari wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan tsangwama na fasaha:

$R_{b} = R_{f} + \beta_{b}(R_{m} - R_{f}) + \gamma_{T}\Delta T + \epsilon$

Inda $R_{b}$ ke nufin dawowar banki, $R_{f}$ yawan mara haɗari, $\beta_{b}$ beta na banki, $R_{m}$ dawowar kasuwa, $\gamma_{T}$ ma'auni na tsangwama na fasaha, da $\Delta T$ saurin canjin fasaha.

Don samun ribar ingancin blockchain, zamu iya amfani da dokar Metcalfe da aka gyara don hanyoyin sadarwa na kuɗi:

$V = k n^{2} e^{-\lambda t}$

Inda $V$ ke nufin ƙimar hanyar sadarwa, $k$ akai-akai ne, $n$ adadin mahalarta, kuma $\lambda$ yana wakiltar gogayya na ka'idoji.

5.2 Tsarin Bincike

Nazarin Halin da ake ciki: Aiwatar da Bankin API

Wani bankin Turai ya aiwatar da dandamali na buɗaɗɗen banki tare da gine-gine masu zuwa:

Layer 1: Tsarin banki na asali da kayan aikin gado
Layer 2: Ƙofar API tare da tabbacin ainihi da iyaka
Layer 3: Ƙananan ayyuka don tarin asusu, biyan kuɗi, da binciken bayanai
Layer 4: Aikace-aikacen abokin tarayya da haɗin gwiwa na ɓangare na uku

Aiwatarwar ta haifar da raguwar kashi 34% a farashin samun abokin ciniki da kuma ƙaruwar kashi 28% a kuɗin shiga na sayar da juna a cikin watanni 18, yana tabbatar da hujjar kasuwanci don tsarin da aka ƙera API.

6. Sakamakon Gwaji

Bincike na zahiri na karɓar bankin dijital yana nuna muhimman alamu:

Bankunan Dijital-Kawai: Suna samun raguwar farashin aiki na kashi 45% amma suna fuskantar ƙarin farashin samun abokin ciniki na kashi 60% idan aka kwatanta da bankunan gargajiya (Rahoton Kwanciyar Harkar Kudi na IMF, 2023)
Aiwatar da Blockchain: Yana rage lokutan daidaitawar kan iyaka daga kwanaki 3-5 zuwa sa'o'i 2-4 tare da raguwar farashi na kashi 40% (Binciken Kwata-kwata na BIS, 2023)
Bankin API: Masu fara karɓa sun nuna ƙarin riƙon abokin ciniki na kashi 22% da kuma babban rabo na kashi 35% a cikin abokan ciniki masu aiki da dijital (Binciken Banki na Accenture)

Bayanin Ginshiƙi: Nazarin kwatankwacin ma'auni na ingancin aiki a cikin bankunan gargajiya, bankunan dijital-kawai, da tsarin haɗaka ya nuna cewa cibiyoyin da suka canza dijital suna samun ƙarin dawowar kan jari na kashi 15-25% duk da ƙunƙuntar riba, da farko ta hanyar ingantaccen aiki da ingantaccen sayar da juna.

7. Aikace-aikacen Gaba

Haɗuwar fasahohin zai tura ayyukan kuɗi na zamani na gaba:

Gudanar da Hatsari Mai Ƙarfafa AI: Algorithms na koyon inji don sa ido kan haɗarin tsarin a ainihin lokaci
Sirrin Sirri Mai Jure Quantum: Shirya hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain don barazanar kwamfuta bayan-quantum
Kuɗi na Rarrabuwa (DeFi): Manufar kuɗi ta algorithm da masu yin kasuwa ta atomatik
Kuɗin Dijital na Babban Banki (CBDCs): Kuɗin da za a iya tsarawa tare da haɗaɗɗen bin ka'idoji
Tabbacin Ainihi ta hanyar Nazarin Jiki: Tabbacin abokin ciniki mara gogaywa da aminci a duk faɗin dandamali

8. Nassoshi

Christensen, C. M. (1997). Matsalar Mai Ƙirƙira: Lokacin da Sabbin Fasahohi suka Haifar da Manyan Kamfanoni Sun Gaza. Littafin Bita na Kasuwancin Harvard.
Bankin Haɗin Kan Ƙasashe. (2023). Binciken Kwata-kwata na BIS: Bankin dijital da kwanciyar harkar kudi.
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya. (2023). Rahoton Kwanciyar Harkar Kudi na Duniya: FinTech da Makomar Kuɗi.
McKinsey & Company. (2023). Binciken Shekara-shekara na Banki na Duniya: Babban Canjin Banki.
Zhu, J.-Y., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hotuna mara Haɗaɗɗe ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Sadarwa masu Juyawa na Tsarin Lokaci. Taron Duniya na Kwamfuta na Kwamfuta.
Cibiyar Deloitte don Ayyukan Kuɗi. (2023). Hasashen Masana'antar Banki: Kewayawa Canjin Dijital.
Hukumar Kwanciyar Harkar Kudi. (2023). Kimanta Hatsarori ga Kwanciyar Harkar Kudi daga Fasahohin Zamani.

Bincike na Asali: Muhimmancin Canjin Dijital

Wannan bincike yana ba da muhimmin tushe don fahimtar ƙarfafan fasaha da ke sake fasalin banki, amma da ƙyar ya taɓa saman abubuwan da suka shafi tsari. Yin kwatankwacin aikin da ya shafi Cibiyoyin Sadarwa masu Juyawa na Tsarin Lokaci (CycleGAN) na Zhu et al. (2017), zamu iya kallon canjin banki a matsayin matsalar daidaita yanki—bankunan gargajiya dole ne su koyi siffanta iyawarsu zuwa sabon yanayin dijital yayin kiyaye mahimman dabarun ƙimarsu. Mafi girman binciken da aka gano shi ne gano dandamali na API a matsayin sabon fagen yaƙi don alaƙar abokin ciniki, ƙarshe da binciken banki na Deloitte na 2023 ya goyi bayan cewa bankunan da suka dogara da dandamali suna kama da ninki 2.3 na ƙimar rayuwar abokin ciniki.

Abin da ke da ban tsoro musamman—kuma ba a jaddada shi a cikin takardar asali ba—shi ne saurin hana shiga tsakani. Kamar tsarin fassarar hoto a cikin CycleGAN, inda hanyar sadarwar janareta ta koyi canza yankuna cikin sauri, FinTechs suna cim ma cikin shekaru 3-5 abin da bankunan gargajiya suka ɗauki shekaru da yawa don gina shi. Rahoton Kwanciyar Harkar Kudi na Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya na 2023 ya tabbatar da wannan hanzari, yana lura cewa shigar bankin dijital a kasuwannin masu tasowa ya ƙaru daga kashi 15% zuwa 65% a cikin shekaru biyar kawai, wanda ya canza yanayin haɗari gaba ɗaya.

Magani na takardar game da blockchain a lokaci guda yana da hangen nesa da butulci. Duk da yadda ya gano yuwuwar fasahar don haɓaka tsaro da ingantaccen aiki daidai, ya raina cikas na ka'idoji da ƙalubalen ƙarfi waɗanda suka hana karɓuwa na yau da kullun. Binciken Bankin Haɗin Kan Ƙasashe na 2023 ya nuna cewa duk da yake blockchain zai iya rage lokutan daidaitawa sosai, aiwatarwa na yanzu yana fama da buƙatun kwarara na tsarin biyan kuɗi na ƙasa. Wannan yana haifar da tazara mai haɗari tsakanin alƙawarin fasaha da aiwatarwa na yau da kullun wanda zai iya haifar da raunin tsarin idan ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba.

Ƙarshe, mafi girman gudunmawar wannan bincike ita ce tsarawa na dijitalizazzwa a matsayin duka barazana da dama. Bankunan da suka yi nasarar kewaya wannan sauyi za su fito da ƙarfi, yayin da waɗanda suka ƙi za su fuskanci barazana ta wanzuwa. Tsarin lissafi da aka gabatar a cikin bincikenmu yana ba da farawa don ƙididdige waɗannan yanayi, amma aikin da ya rage don haɓaka ingantattun tsarin da zai iya jagorantar dabarun kasuwanci da manufofin ka'idoji a cikin wannan yanayi mai saurin canzawa.