Tsarin Aiki na Haɗin Kai don Ka'idojin Yarjejeniya da aka Raba

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan takarda tana ba da shawara kan ingantaccen tsarin shaidar aiki (PoW), inda manufar ita ce nemo nonce wanda hash ɗin sirri na shugaban toshe ya cika wata manufa mai wahala (misali, ya fara da adadin sifili). Babban ƙirƙira shine tsara wannan tsarin ya zama na haɗin kai ta asali, yana ba masu amfani masu cin gashin kansu da yawa damar haɗa ƙoƙarinsu na lissafi don warware PoW don ma'amalolinsu na gama-gari.

Babban dalili shine nisanta daga tsarin gasa, mai dogaro da kuɗaɗe na hakar ma'adinai na al'ada (misali, Bitcoin) zuwa tsarin haɗin kai, mai dogaro da haraji. Wannan sauyi yana nufin rage ɓata makamashi daga tseren makamai na hakar ma'adinai da kuma rage matsaloli kamar nuna bambanci ga masu hakar ma'adinai da tasirin tara hakar ma'adinai.

Amfanin da aka Tsara:

• Maye gurbin kuɗaɗe na ma'amala (da ake biya wa masu hakar ma'adinai) da haraji na ma'amala (da masu amfani/masu hakar ma'adinai ke biya).
• Rage yawan amfani da makamashi gabaɗaya ta hanyar hana gasar hash.
• Ƙarfafa kariya daga takunkumin ma'amala da masu hakar ma'adinai ke yi.
• Yuwuwar ƙarin ƙarfin aiki na tsarin saboda rage gasa.
• Ƙarfafa hana hare-haren ƙin Sabis (DoS), tunda yin spam ya zama mai tsada.

2. Yarjejeniya

3. Shaidar Aiki na Haɗin Kai

4. Babban Fahimta & Tsarin Hankali

Babban Fahimta: Babban rashin ingancin yarjejeniyar Nakamoto ba PoW kansa ba ne, amma tsarin gasa, mara riba da aka gina a kusa da shi. Takardar Kuijper ta gano daidai cewa ainihin farashi—ɓatar da makamashi, tara hanyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar tara, sauyin kasuwar kuɗaɗe—ya samo asali ne daga ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙarfafa don fiye da lissafin wasu, ba daga cimma yarjejeniya ba. Canjin da aka tsara daga kuɗaɗe-zuwa-mai-hakar ma'adinai zuwa haraji-ta-mai-amfani tsari ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi amma mai ma'ana. Yana sake fasalin PoW daga "tikitin caca" ga masu hakar ma'adinai zuwa "farashin haɗin kai" ga masu amfani da ke neman shigar da littafin rubutu, yana daidaita ƙarfafa tattalin arziki da lafiyar hanyar sadarwa.

Tsarin Hankali: Hujjar ta ci gaba da daidaitaccen ma'auni: (1) Kafa yarjejeniya a matsayin matsala ta saƙo/daidaitawa. (2) Nuna PoW a matsayin tsarin jinkiri na tilas. (3) Gano gasa a matsayin tushen abubuwan waje na PoW. (4) Ba da shawarar wata mahimmin sirri (PoW na haɗin kai) wanda ta tsari yana tilasta haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar sanya mafita na mutum ɗaya ya zama mai amfani a haɗe. Hankali yana da inganci—idan ba za ku iya yin gasa ba, dole ne ku haɗa kai. Ƙwarin takardar shine a ba da shawarar mu tsara ƙa'idar don sanya gasa ta zama mara amfani ta hanyar lissafi.

5. Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai

Ƙarfafawa:

• Kyakkyawan Daidaita Ƙarfafawa: Tsarin haraji yana kai hari kai tsaye ga tushen yawan amfani da makamashi. Hanya ce mafi ka'ida fiye da gyare-gyaren bayan haka kamar kona kuɗaɗe na EIP-1559 na Ethereum.
• Juriya ga Tara: Ta hanyar sanya haɗin kai a cikin ƙa'idar, yana yuwuwa ya kawar da buƙatar da kuma haɗarin tara hanyoyin sadarwa na waje na tara hakar ma'adinai. Wannan yana magance babban aibi da masu bincike kamar Gervais et al. (2016) suka lura game da matsin lamba na tara hanyoyin sadarwa a hakar ma'adinan Bitcoin.
• Ƙarfafa Juriya ga Takunkumi: Idan masu hakar ma'adinai (ko masu haɗin kai) suna biyan kuɗi don haɗa ma'amaloli, ba su da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙarfafa tattalin arziki don keɓance kowane ma'amala na musamman, yana ƙarfafa tsaka tsakin hanyar sadarwa.

Kurakurai & Gibin Mai Muhimmanci:

• Matsalar "Marasa Biyan Kuɗi": Takardar ta yi watsi da babban kalubale na wasan ka'idoji. Me zai hana mai amfani jira wasu su warware wasan haɗin kai sannan su ƙara ma'amalarsu? Dole ne a tilasta harajin ta hanyar sirri, mai yiwuwa yana buƙatar hadaddun hanyoyi kamar shaidun ZK na lissafi, wanda takardar ba ta cika bayani ba.
• Hadaddun Tsari & Tabbatarwa: Haɗa ɓangarorin shaidu dole ne ya zama mai araha amma mai inganci ta hanyar sirri. Tsara irin wannan aikin ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba kuma yana iya haifar da sabbin raunuka ko ƙarin lissafi wanda ke soke ceton makamashi.
• Fara Aiki & Karɓuwa: Kamar yawancin sabbin tsarin yarjejeniya, yana fuskantar babban kalubale na haɗin kai. Masu hakar ma'adinai masu saka hannun jari na ASIC na yanzu ba su da wani ƙarfafawa don canzawa. Tsarin yana buƙatar tsarin blockchain mai tsabta, yana fuskantar irin wannan matsalolin karɓuwa kamar sauran "madadin Bitcoin."
• Tsarawa maras Bayyanawa: Duk da yana da ban sha'awa, takardar ta kasance mai girma. Tabbacin gaskiya yana buƙatar takamaiman ginin sirri, wanda ba ya nan. Ba tare da shi ba, shawarar ta fi zama hanyar bincike fiye da mafita mai shiri.

6. Hanyoyin Aiki masu Amfani

Ga masu bincike da masu tsara ƙa'idodi:

1. Mayar da hankali kan Sirrin Haɗawa: Mataki na gaba kai tsaye shine ƙayyadadden aikin hash ko tsarin alkawari wanda ke ba da damar haɗa shaida cikin aminci da inganci. Dubi ra'ayoyi kamar bishiyoyin Merkle ko aikin jinkiri mai tabbatarwa (VDF) don samun wahayi.
2. Ƙirƙirar Ka'idar Wasan da Ƙarfi: Kafin gini, tsara tsarin ƙarfafawa. Yi amfani da kwaikwayon tushen wakili (kamar waɗanda aka yi amfani da su ga Bitcoin ta Biais et al., 2019) don gwada ma'auni na Nash. "Haraji" dole ne ya zama mara gujewa kuma fa'idodin haɗin kai dole ne su mamaye dabarun cin amana.
3. Yi niyya ga Aikace-aikacen Farko: Kada ku yi niyya don maye gurbin Bitcoin. A maimakon haka, gwada wannan tsarin a cikin sarrafaɗɗun, tsarin blockchain irin na ƙungiya ko don takamaiman amfani kamar sanya alamar lokaci mai rarrabuwa ko shaidar wanzuwa sabis, inda ainihin ɗan takara da haɗin kai suke da sauƙin tabbatarwa.
4. Gwada da Madadin: Yi kwatankwacin yuwuwar sawun makamashi da garantin tsaro na tabbataccen PoW na haɗin kai ba kawai da Bitcoin ba, amma da sauran hanyoyin yarjejeniya bayan PoS kamar Avalanche ko PoS Tsantsar Algorand. Matsakaicin yana da girma.

Ƙarshe: Takardar Kuijper takarda ce mai kima ta tunani wacce ta gano daidai matsala ta tsarin. Duk da haka, tana gabatar da tsarin gini, ba injin da za a iya gini ba. Ainihin aikin—da kuma haɗarin gazawa—ya ta'allaka ne a cikin injiniyan sirri da tattalin arziki da ake buƙata don sanya haɗin kai ba kawai mai yiwuwa ba, amma tilas kuma mafi kyau. Wannan shine iyaka ga binciken yarjejeniya na gaba.

7. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Takardar tana ba da shawarar tsara PoW na haɗin kai a matsayin matsala nema inda mafita ta zama aiki na shigarwar da yawa daga masu amfani daban-daban. Ana iya zayyana tsarin ra'ayi kamar haka:

Bari $T = \{tx_1, tx_2, ..., tx_n\}$ ya zama saitin ma'amaloli daga masu amfani $U_1, U_2, ..., U_n$. Kowane mai amfani $U_i$ yana aiki don nemo ɓangaren shaida $w_i$ wanda ga aikin hash na sirri $H$ da kalubale na duniya $C$, wannan ya tabbata ga ma'amalarsu:

$H(C, tx_i, w_i) < D_i$

inda $D_i$ shine manufar wahala ta mutum. Babban ƙirƙira shine aikin haɗawa $\Phi$ wanda ke ɗaukar saitin ɓangarorin mafita $\{w_1, ..., w_n\}$ kuma ya fitar da ingantaccen shaida mai haɗawa $W$ don dukan saitin $T$:

$W = \Phi(w_1, w_2, ..., w_n)$

Wannan shaida mai haɗawa dole ne ta cika sharuɗɗan PoW na duniya don saitin da aka tsara $T$:

$H(C, \text{Sort}(T), W) < D_{global}$

Amincin ya dogara ne akan kadarorin cewa nemo $W$ kai tsaye yana da wahala ta lissafi, amma gina shi daga ingantattun ɓangarorin shaida $\{w_i\}$ yana da inganci. Wannan yana kwatanta ra'ayoyi a cikin sirrin bakin kofa ko samarwa maɓalli da aka rarraba.

8. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Ra'ayi

Tsari: Wasan Hakar Ma'adinai na Haɗin Kai

Yi la'akari da ƙirar da aka sauƙaƙa tare da masu amfani biyu, Alice da Bob, kowannensu yana da ma'amala ɗaya.

• PoW na Al'ada (kamar Bitcoin): Alice da Bob (ko masu hakar ma'adinai da suka zaɓa) suna gasa don warware $H(toshe) < D$. Mai nasara ya haɗa ma'amaloli biyu, ya sami kuɗaɗen, kuma aikin mai hasara ya ɓace.
• PoW na Haɗin Kai (An Tsara): Ƙa'idar ta ayyana wasa inda hash ɗin toshe aka lissafta shi azaman $H(\, H(tx_A, w_A) \, \| \, H(tx_B, w_B) \, ) < D$. Alice tana neman $w_A$ wanda ke sa fitarwar hash ɗinta ya sami, a ce, sifili 5 na jagora. Bob ya yi haka daidai don $w_B$. Sannan suke musayar waɗannan hash ɗin. Hash ɗin da aka haɗa na waɗannan hash ɗin biyu dole ne ya sami, a ce, sifili 8 na jagora. Muhimmanci, nemo $w_A$ da $w_B$ masu zaman kansu yana da sauƙi fiye da nemo nonce guda ɗaya don dukan toshe, kuma aikinsu yana haɗawa.

Sakamako: Dukansu sun ba da gudummawar aiki. An haɗa ma'amaloli biyu. "Lada" shine nasarar haɗa ma'amalarsu, wanda aka biya ta hanyar "haraji" na farko (ƙoƙarin lissafi). Babu mai nasara guda ɗaya; nasara ta raba.

9. Hangar Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

Yuwuwar Aikace-aikace:

• Shirye-shiryen Blockchain Kore: Don ayyukan da ke ba da fifiko ga dorewar muhalli, PoW na haɗin kai yana ba da hanya don riƙe ingantaccen tsaro na PoW yayin da yake rage sawun carbon ɗinsa ta ƙira.
• Ƙungiyoyin Mulkin Kai masu Cin Gashin Kansu (DAOs): Membobin DAO za su iya haɗin kai don samar da tubalan don gudanar da yanayinsu, suna daidaita ikon zaɓe tare da gudummawar aikin lissafi zuwa ga manufofin gama gari, maimakon babban jarin kuɗi (PoS).
• Blockchains na Ƙungiya: A cikin saitunan kamfanoni inda aka san mahalarta kuma aka ƙidaya su (misali, abokan haɗin gwiwar samar da kayayyaki), PoW na haɗin kai na iya samar da ingantaccen tsarin yarjejeniya mai izini inda tasirin kowane ɗan takara ya danganta da aikin da ya bayar don aikin hanyar sadarwa.
• Tsarin Yarjejeniya na Haɗaɗɗe: PoW na haɗin kai zai iya zama mataki mai juriya ga sybil, mai dogaro da albarkatu a cikin tsarin haɗaɗɗe, watakila ana amfani da shi don zaɓar membobin kwamiti don zagaye na yarjejeniya irin na BFT, kama da ra'ayoyin da aka bincika a cikin Thunderella ko sauran tsarin yarjejeniya na barci.

Hanyoyin Bincike na Gaba:

1. Aiwatar da Sirri: Babban kalubale shine aiwatar da aikin $\Phi$. Bincike cikin hash ɗin homomorphic ko shaidun aikin jeri waɗanda za a iya tattarawa yana da mahimmanci.
2. Wahala Mai Sauƙi don Haɗin Kai: Ta yaya hanyar sadarwa ke daidaita manufofin $D_{global}$ da na mutum $D_i$ bisa la'akari da adadin da ƙarfin hash na ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa? Wannan yana buƙatar sabon algorithm na daidaita wahala.
3. Haɗin Kai & Gadoji: Bincika yadda sarkar PoW na haɗin kai za ta iya sadarwa cikin aminci tare da sarkoki na PoW ko PoS na yanzu ta hanyar gadoji masu tsallaka.
4. Hujjojin Tsaro na Tsari: Tabbatar da tsaron irin wannan tsari a ƙarƙashin ingantaccen tsari (misali, tsarin Haɗawa na Duniya) a kan abokan gaba masu daidaitawa.

10. Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Tsakanin Takwarorinsu.
2. Demers, A., Greene, D., Hauser, C., Irish, W., Larson, J., Shenker, S., Sturgis, H., Swinehart, D., & Terry, D. (1987). Algorithms na annoba don kiyaye bayanan da aka kwafi. Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM Symposium on Principles of distributed computing.
3. Gervais, A., Karame, G. O., Wüst, K., Glykantzis, V., Ritzdorf, H., & Capkun, S. (2016). Akan Tsaro da Aikin Shaidar Aiki na Blockchains. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security.
4. Back, A. (2002). Hashcash - Maganin Ƙin Sabis.
5. Biais, B., Bisière, C., Bouvard, M., & Casamatta, C. (2019). Ka'idar jama'a ta blockchain. The Review of Financial Studies, 32(5), 1662-1715.
6. Bünz, B., Goldfeder, S., & Bonneau, J. (2018). Shaidun-jinkiri da fitilun bazuwar a cikin Ethereum. IEEE Security and Privacy on the blockchain (IEEE S&B).
7. Rocket, T., & Yin, M. (2020). Yarjejeniya Barci. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..