Tsarin Aiki na Haɗin Kai don Ka'idojin Yarjejeniya da aka Rarraba

Table of Contents

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da ingantaccen tsari ga tsarin aiki na gargajiya (PoW), wanda galibi ya ƙunshi neman lambar da ba ta maimaita ba (nonce) wacce ke haifar da sakamakon hash na sirri tare da adadin sifili na gaba da aka ƙayyade. Sabon abu na asali shine tsarin aiki na haɗin kai wanda aka tsara don ba da damar masu amfani masu cin gashin kansu da yawa su haɗa kai wajen samar da aikin don nasu ma'amaloli. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana nufin kafa yarjejeniya kan tsarin ma'amaloli a cikin tsarin rajistar da aka rarraba.

Babban dalili shine a bar tsarin hakar ma'adinai mai gasa, wanda ya dogara da kuɗaɗe (inda masu hakar ma'adinai ke gasa don warware wasanin kwaikwayo da tattara kuɗaɗe) zuwa tsarin haɗin kai, wanda ya dogara da haraji (inda masu amfani ke haɗa kai da biyan haraji). Marubutan suna jayayya cewa wannan sauyi na iya magance matsaloli da yawa:

• Rage Amfani da Makamashi: Ta hanyar maye gurbin gasa mai tsanani da haɗin kai mai hankali, ƙoƙarin lissafi gabaɗaya (don haka amfani da makamashi) zai iya raguwa sosai.
• Ƙara Gudanarwa & Adalci: Rage gasa tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai na iya haifar da saurin sarrafa ma'amala da ƙarancin yuwuwar nuna bambanci ga wasu ƙungiyoyin masu amfani.
• Ƙara Tsaro: Hare-haren Hana Sabis (DoS) sun zama mafi tsada ga mai kai hari saboda harajin ma'amala na asali.

An sanya tsarin a matsayin mafita ta asali ga haɗin kai, wanda ya bambanta da hanyoyin waje na yanzu kamar tafkunan hakar ma'adinai, waɗanda zasu iya fuskantar matsalolin rashin daidaiton ƙarfafawa.

2. Yarjejeniya

Wannan sashe ya kafa matsalar asali: cimma yarjejeniya da aka rarraba a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta tsakanin takwarorinsu ba tare da wata hukuma ta tsakiya ba. Takwarorinsu suna sadarwa ta hanyar ƙa'idar tsegumi kuma dole ne su kiyaye rajistar ma'amaloli da aka raba, wadda aka yarda da ita.

Babban kalubale shine jinkirin yada saƙo. A cikin yanayin ma'amala mai ƙarancin mitar, ana iya cimma yarjejeniya ta hanyar lura da tsayawar dindindin a cikin zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa—"tsayawa gaba ɗaya"—wanda ke nuna cewa duk takwarorinsu sun ga saƙonnin da suka yi kama. Ana iya tsara waɗannan saƙonnin bisa ƙa'ida (misali, ta hanyar hash) kuma a haɗa su zuwa rajistar.

Duk da haka, mitar ma'amaloli na ainihi ya yi yawa sosai don wannan tsari mai sauƙi. A nan ne aikin ke aiki a matsayin mai iyakance mitar. Ta hanyar buƙatar warware wasan kwaikwayo mai tsada na lissafi don kowane ma'amala (ko toshe ma'amaloli), PoW yana rage ƙimar da za a iya gabatar da sabbin abubuwan yarjejeniya. Ana iya daidaita wahalar wasan kwaikwayon don cimma madaidaicin ƙarancin mitar don hanyar yarjejeniya ta "dogon lokaci" don yin aiki yadda ya kamata a duk faɗin hanyar sadarwa.

3. Aiki na Haɗin Kai

Takardar ta tsara tsarin haɗin kai da aka gabatar. Yayin da aka riga an gabatar da cikakkun bayanan lissafi don sashe na gaba, sauyin ra'ayi yana bayyana a fili. Maimakon masu hakar ma'adinai ɗaya ɗaya su yi gudu don warware wasan kwaikwayo don ladan toshe, masu amfani da suka kafa saitin ma'amala suna aiki tare don samar da aiki guda ɗaya don wannan saitin.

Dole ne hanyar ta tabbatar da cewa:

1. Haɗin kai yana iya tantancewa kuma yana da tsaro.
2. Aikin gamayya ya cika maƙasudin wahalar hanyar sadarwa.
3. Sakamakon yarjejeniya kan tsarin ma'amala yana da ɗaure kuma ba za a iya gurɓata shi ba.

An gabatar da "harajin ma'amala" ya maye gurbin "kuɗin ma'amala". Masu amfani da ke shiga cikin zagayen hakar ma'adinai na haɗin kai ne ke biyan wannan haraji, suna shigar da farashin ƙirƙirar yarjejeniya a cikin ƙungiyar masu amfani maimakon fitar da shi zuwa wani nau'in mai hakar ma'adinai na daban.

4. Fahimta ta Asali & Bincike

Fahimta ta Asali: Takardar Kuijper ba kawai gyara ga PoW ba ce; yana da tushen sake gina tsarin ƙarfafawa na blockchain. Babban nasara shine gane cewa ainihin ƙimar PoW a cikin yarjejeniya ba kawai "aiki" ba ne amma aiki a matsayin na'urar iyakance ƙimar. Tsarin haɗin kai ya juyar da rubutun ta hanyar sanya wannan iyakancewar ƙimar ya zama tsari na haɗin kai, wanda masu amfani ke tafiyar da shi maimakon gasa, wanda mai hakar ma'adinai ke tafiyar da shi. Wannan yana kai hari kai tsaye ga tushen matsalar makamashi na Bitcoin—ba hash ɗin kansa ba, amma tseren tattalin arziki wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin hash.

Tsarin Ma'ana: Hujjar tana ci gaba da ma'ana mai kyau: 1) Yarjejeniya tana buƙatar ƙarancin mitar taron, 2) PoW yana tilasta ƙarancin mitar ta hanyar farashi, 3) Don haka, ƙungiyar da ke ɗaukar farashin tana sarrafa salon yarjejeniya. PoW na gargajiya yana barin masu hakar ma'adinai su sarrafa wannan salon don riba. Tsarin Kuijper ya mayar da iko ga masu amfani ta hanyar sanya su ɗauki farashin (haraji) kai tsaye don nasu ma'amaloli. Gudu daga ƙayyadaddun fasaha (jinkirin yadawa) zuwa mafita ta tattalin arziki (haɗin kai mai ɗaukar farashi) yana da gamsarwa.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfinsa shine daidaitawar ƙarfafawa mai kyau. Ta hanyar ɗaure farashin yarjejeniya kai tsaye ga masu ƙirƙirar ma'amala, yana kawar da ƙimar da mai hakar ma'adinai zai iya cirewa (MEV) da matsalolin tattara tafkunan hakar ma'adinai da ke addabar tsarin kamar Ethereum kafin Haɗuwa. Duk da haka, babban aibi shine "matsalar farawa"—ta yaya za ku fara haɗin kai a cikin yanayi marar amana? Takardar ta yi watsi da wannan muhimmin al'amarin haɗin kai. Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin binciken wasan kwaikwayo na blockchain (misali, aikin arXiv akan yanayin yarjejeniya), cimma haɗin kai na kwatsam, mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƴan wasa masu hankali, waɗanda ba a san sunayensu ba, yana da wahala sosai ba tare da ginin zamantakewa ko algorithm da aka riga ya wanzu ba. Tsarin kuma da alama yana ɗaukan haɗin kai na ƙarfin hash na masu amfani wanda ba ya wanzu, wanda zai iya haifar da sabbin nau'ikan tattarawa inda masu amfani masu ƙarfi suka mamaye ƙungiyoyin haɗin kai.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu ƙirƙirar ƙa'ida, abin da ya kamata a ɗauka shine bincika tsarin gauraye. Kada ku watsar da PoW mai gasa gaba ɗaya; yi amfani da shi azaman matakin faɗuwa ko don bincika, yayin ba da damar PoW na haɗin kai don tarin ma'amaloli masu yawan mitar, ƙarancin ƙima. Aiwatar da tsarin saka hannun jari tare da aikin haɗin kai don magance matsalar farawa—dole ne masu amfani su saka alamun kuɗi don shiga cikin zagayen haɗin kai, suna hukunta masu mugunta. Wannan ya haɗa tsaron Hujjar Saka Hannun Jari (PoS) tare da iyakancewar ƙimar PoW. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a tsara ra'ayin "harajin ma'amala" daidai da bayanan tsarin biyan kuɗi na ainihi don nemo mafi kyawun ƙimar da ke hana spam ba tare da hana amfani ba.

5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya tsara tsarin aikin haɗin kai kamar haka:

Bari $T = \{tx_1, tx_2, ..., tx_n\}$ ya zama saitin ma'amaloli da ƙungiyar masu amfani $U = \{u_1, u_2, ..., u_m\}$ suka gabatar.

Bari $H(\cdot)$ ya zama aikin hash na sirri (misali, SHA-256). PoW na gargajiya yana buƙatar neman nonce $N$ kamar yadda don toshe $B$, $H(B || N) < D$, inda $D$ shine maƙasudin wahala.

A cikin tsarin haɗin kai, "toshe" shine saitin ma'amala da aka yarda da shi $T$. An warware wasan kwaikwayon tare. Kowane mai amfani $u_i$ yana ba da gudummawar mafita ta ɓangare ("rabo") $s_i$. Aikin gamayya $P$ aiki ne na duk rabawa da saitin ma'amala:

$P = F(T, s_1, s_2, ..., s_m)$

Sharaɗin ingantaccen hujjar haɗin kai ya zama:

$H(P) < D$

Dole ne a gina aikin $F$ ta yadda:

1. Yana buƙatar babban ƙoƙarin lissafi na haɗin gwiwa daga mafi yawan $U$ don nemo abubuwan shigar $s_i$ waɗanda ke haifar da $H(P) < D$.
2. Yana ba da damar tabbatar da cewa duk $u_i \in U$ sun ba da gudummawa ga $P$.
3. Yana hana kowane mai amfani ɗaya ko ƙaramin rukuni ya mamaye mafita ko ƙirƙirar shigar wasu.

Yuwuwar gina $F$ na iya haɗawa da tsare-tsare masu kama da sa hannu masu maimaitawa ko ayyukan jinkiri da za a iya tantancewa (VDFs) haɗe da alkawuran hash, yana tabbatar da cewa aikin yana biye da jere kuma dole ne wasu ɓangarori daban-daban su ba da gudummawar.

6. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Hali

Tsari: Kimanta Canje-canjen Hanyar Yarjejeniya

Za mu iya bincika wannan shawara ta amfani da tsari wanda ya kwatanta mahimman fannoni:

Misalin Hali: Tarin Ƙananan Ma'amaloli

Ka ɗauka masu amfani 1000 suna son yin ƙananan biyan kuɗi, akai-akai (misali, a cikin kasuwar bayanan IoT).

• PoW na Gargajiya: Kowane ma'amala yana jiran mai hakar ma'adinai ya haɗa shi a cikin toshe, yana gasa da wasu don fifikon kuɗi. Jinkiri mai yawa, farashi mai inganci.
• PoW na Haɗin Kai: Waɗannan masu amfani 1000 sun kafa ƙungiya ta ɗan lokaci. Suna aiki tare akan PoW guda ɗaya don toshe mai ɗauke da duk ma'amalolinsu. An rarraba aikin, don haka farashin mutum ɗaya kaɗan ne. Da zarar an warware PoW, ana yada toshe. An raba "harajin" da aka biya a tsakaninsu, wanda wataƙila ya fi ƙananan kuɗaɗe na mutum ɗaya. An cimma yarjejeniya kan tsarin tarinsu kai tsaye.

Wannan hali yana nuna yuwuwar ƙara gudanarwa a cikin takamaiman yanayi masu yawan ma'amala, ƙarancin ƙima.

7. Hasashen Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

Hasashen Aikace-aikace:

• Blockchains na Ƙungiyar da aka ba da izini: Madaidaicin saiti inda mahalarta aka san su kuma suna da alaƙa da su, suna warware matsalar farawa. Mai amfani ga sarƙoƙin wadata ko rajistar bankuna.
• Mafita na Rarraba Layer-2: Ana iya amfani da tsarin haɗin kai don cimma yarjejeniya a cikin tashar jihar ko saitin mahalarta gefen sarkar, tare da daidaita lokaci-lokaci zuwa babban sarkar.
• Oracles na Bayanai masu Rarrabawa: Ƙungiyoyin nodes na oracle za su iya amfani da PoW na haɗin kai don cimma yarjejeniya kan ƙimar ma'anar bayanai kafin gabatar da su akan sarkar, suna ƙara farashi ga rahoton ƙarya.

Hanyoyin Bincike na Gaba:

1. Hujjojin Tsaro na Ƙa'ida: Tsarin yana buƙatar cikakken bincike na sirri don tabbatar da tsaronsa daga hare-haren Sybil, haɗin gwiwa, da sauran nau'ikan barazana a ƙarƙashin yanayin hanyar sadarwa na ainihi.
2. Ƙirar Hanyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiya: Ta yaya ake ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin haɗin kai da sauri? Ana buƙatar bincike cikin daidaitawar ƙungiya ta algorithm, mai yuwuwa ta amfani da ra'ayoyi daga ka'idar daidaitawa ko hanyoyin stochastic.
3. Haɗawa da Sauran Tsare-tsaren Yarjejeniya: Bincika gauraye tare da Hujjar Saka Hannun Jari (PoS) ko Hujjar Iko (PoA) don zaɓin ƙungiyar ko matakin ƙarshe.
4. Ƙididdigar Tasirin Makamashi: Gina cikakkun samfuran kwaikwayo don ƙididdige yuwuwar ajiyar makamashi idan aka kwatanta da PoW na gargajiya a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na amfani da nauyin ma'amala.

8. Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Tsakanin Takwarorinsu.
2. Demers, A., et al. (1987). Algorithms na Annoba don Kula da Bayanan da aka Kwafi. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing.
3. Eyal, I., & Sirer, E. G. (2014). Mafi rinjaye ba Isasshe ba ne: Hakar Ma'adinan Bitcoin yana da Rauni. International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security.
4. Back, A. (2002). Hashcash - Maganin Hana Sabis.
5. Buterin, V., et al. (2014). Dandalin Kwangila Mai Hikima na Gaba da Dandalin Aikace-aikace mai Rarrabawa. Takardar Fari ta Ethereum.
6. King, S., & Nadal, S. (2012). PPCoin: Kuɗin Sirri na Tsakanin Takwarorinsu tare da Hujjar Saka Hannun Jari.
7. Zhu, J., et al. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hoto mara Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Adawa masu Daidaituwa. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). (Nassin CycleGAN don binciken tsarin adawa/haɗin kai)